ALEXANDRIA
Alexandria (ancient greek Aλεξάνδρεια, latin Alexandreia) was the name of several cities that received this name for having been founded by Alexandros the Great, or in his honour.
ALEXANDROS LEGEND
Persian legends said that Alexandros was a son of Dario II, and Cleopatra, a daughter of Filipo the Second, who had to give her after a defeat. Alexandros was born from this marriage. As a middle greek and middle persian he was called Al-Iskander, Skander or Sikander Dhulkarmein (the world searcher). Nowadays mothers tell their sons the story of a blue-eyed conqueror, who made their ancestors be free. In Greece, he was taken by a destroyer of the city-state; and in Rome, the only man who unterstood him was Iulius Caesar, whose dreams continued for Roma’s profit.
In 300 a.c., a novel was written, in which legend, history and fiction were set together; this novel was rewritten by the roman Julio Valerio, in latin language and was translated afterwards to Bulgarian, Armenian, Ethiopian and Syrian, and at last to Arabic language.
In the Middle Age some novels were written, with a main character called Alisander, or king Alexandreis, among them “Le Roman d’Alexandeer”.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
· Plutarco: “Vidas paralelas. Alejandro-Julio César”. Ed. Gredos.
· Arriano: ”Anábasis de Alejandro”. Ed. Gredos.
· H. Bengtson: “Griegos y persas. El mundo mediterráneo en la Edad Antigua, vol I” .Ed. Historia universal siglo XXI.
· V.V. Struve: “Historia de la antigua Grecia”. Akal Editor.
· Claude Mosé: “Alejandro Magno. El destino de un mito”. Ed. Espasa.
· F. Fèvre: “Ptolomeo I”. Ed. Aldebarán.
· M. Renaul: “Alejandro”. Salvat Editores.
· Varios: “Historia Universal Salvat”. Vol.5. Salvat Editores.
· S. Lidman: “Atlas EL PAÍS Aguilar”. Aguilar Ediciones.
First of all, we’ll see our visitors’ Alexandria, also called Alexandretta = Iskanderum. Alexandros called this city Alexandria of Cilicia, first called Alexandria ad Issum, founded in 333 a.c., though perhaps it isn’t at the same place.
Alexandria of Aracosia, present Kandahar, in Afganistan. The city of Kandahar has its beginnings in the fourth century b.c., when Alexandros the Great gives a new name to the old city of Kapisa, in the region of Aracosia, as Alexandria of Aracosia. The present name seems to be a devolopement from the name given by Alexandros, Iskanderiya = Kandahar. Kandahar’s name comes from Gandhara, a kingdom in ancient India, mentioned in the Mahabharata; it was a buddhist center. In the third century b.c. it formed part of the greek kingdom of Bactria; afterwards it was conquered by the indian gupta Ashoka and in the second century it was caught by Kushanes of Kanishka. In the seventh century it was conquered by islamic people; in the 9th century, by turkish gaznevids; in the 12th century by Gengis Kan; in 1383, by Timur; in the 15th century by Babur, founder of the mogol empire in India. His son Humayun, was obliged to give it back to the Shah of Persia. In 1708, the city was conquered by Mir Wais, an afgani, whose death made the city fall in Nadir Shah’s hands. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durranj, founder of Afghanistan, made the city the capital of his new kingdom. About 1780 the city was tranferred to Kabul. From 1839 to 1881, the capital was in britissh hands. Between 1979 and 1989, Kandahar was under the soviets power. Since 1994, it was controled by talibans, who conquered the rest of the country.
Alexandria of Aracosia, present Kandahar, in Afganistan. The city of Kandahar has its beginnings in the fourth century b.c., when Alexandros the Great gives a new name to the old city of Kapisa, in the region of Aracosia, as Alexandria of Aracosia. The present name seems to be a devolopement from the name given by Alexandros, Iskanderiya = Kandahar. Kandahar’s name comes from Gandhara, a kingdom in ancient India, mentioned in the Mahabharata; it was a buddhist center. In the third century b.c. it formed part of the greek kingdom of Bactria; afterwards it was conquered by the indian gupta Ashoka and in the second century it was caught by Kushanes of Kanishka. In the seventh century it was conquered by islamic people; in the 9th century, by turkish gaznevids; in the 12th century by Gengis Kan; in 1383, by Timur; in the 15th century by Babur, founder of the mogol empire in India. His son Humayun, was obliged to give it back to the Shah of Persia. In 1708, the city was conquered by Mir Wais, an afgani, whose death made the city fall in Nadir Shah’s hands. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durranj, founder of Afghanistan, made the city the capital of his new kingdom. About 1780 the city was tranferred to Kabul. From 1839 to 1881, the capital was in britissh hands. Between 1979 and 1989, Kandahar was under the soviets power. Since 1994, it was controled by talibans, who conquered the rest of the country.
Nowadays it’s the second city in the country, at 470 km from Kabul. It was the first capital of Afganistan. Kandahar produces tinned fruits and textiles and it has 567.000 inhabitants. Till now, it continues being the spiritual center of talibans.
Alexandria of Aria (present Herat), in Afganistan. At the end of 330 b.c. Alexandros the Great, caught Aria’s capital and called it Artacoana, or Artacena (the authentic one), by the River Ario, present Hari-Rud. The city was rebuilt and established as Alexandria. At the moment, this foundation was surrounded to the city’s underneath part. 
Curiously, there is a city in the Spanish Baetica called Aria, whose situation is difficult to specify. It has been said to be Peñaflor (Siviglia), Stefiilla (Lora), or perhaps Monte Ariorum or Mariorum, present Arenas Gordas (Huelva). If we attend Plinio’s texts, it maybe Abia, present Alcolea del Río. Herat (Persa: هرات) is a city situated on the west, in the valley of the River Hari Rud, well known for its wine. It has 283.581 inhabitants. (data of 2007). The most of the population are tayiks or Farsis, followed by pastuns, hazars and uzbeks and other minority groups. All of them speak Persian language. It’s an ancient city with many historical buildings, now damaged by wars. In the Middle Age, it was called The Pearl of Jorasan.
It’s quoted as Haraiva of the Aquemenids (550-330 b.c.); Haroiva, quoted in the Avesta by Zoroastro (Harayu means speed); at last, it’s quoted in Behistun registration, by Dario (520 b.c.)
Alexandria of Carmania (present Kermán or Kirman), is Kerman’s capital of Iran.
Alexandria of Gedrosia
Alexandria Bucéfala, in Pakistan, is the present Jelapur. Alexandria Bucéfala was one of the cities founded by Alexandros the Great. The city received its name after Alexandro’s favourite horse, Bucefalo.
Alexandria Nicea, in Pakistan. Alexandros founded it in 326 b.c, to commemorate his victory over Poros in Hydaspes’s battle. The city survived at least during a hundred years.
Alexandria of Indo, in Pakistan
Alexandria Latmos, in Caria, Anatolia, also called Alinda. The city was a member of Delos’ Confederation, during some time. Alexandros arrived there in 334 b.c. Some time after, the city was recalled as Alexanadria of Latmos, though before 81 b.c., recovered its former name, under roman power.
Alexandria of Margiana, present Merv, in Turkmenistan. Founded by Alexandros in 328 b.c., it was destroyed by nomadic people and rebuilt by Antíoco I Sóter, king of Siria, a little time after 293 b.c., receiving then the name of Antioquía of Margiana.
Alexandria of Cáucaso or Alexandria Paropamisos, called afterwards Bagram, in Afganistan. The city was destroyed by Ciro, rebuilt by Dario, and lately strengthened and rebuilt by Alexandros, being called Alexandria of Cáucaso. Begram became one of the most important cities of the greek kingdom of Bactria.
Alexandria of Partia or Alexandropolis, in Iran
Alexandria of Persis
Alexandria Protasia, in Drangiana, in Irán
Alexandria of Oxiana (Alexandria of Oxo, Alexandria of Sogdiana or Alexandria of Bactriana), in Afganistan. Being supposed founded by Alexandros by the river Oxo, (Amu Daria), in its confluence with river Kokcha, and at the beginning of Indian Continent. It was one of helenism’s focal points in Orient during almost two centuries till its annihilating by nomadic invaders about 145 b.c.
Alexandria of Susiana. Founded by Alexandros in 324 b.c., with the name of Alexandria ad Tigrim. It was situated near Persian Gulf and the mouth of River Tigris. After its destruction by a flood, it was rebuilt by Antíoco V Eupátor about 164-162 b.c., who recalled it Antioquia.
Alexandria of Tróade or Alexandria Troas (Antigonia of Troade), in Turquey. It was an old greek docker city, situated in Troade’s coast, in Asia Minor’s northwest, corresponding the modern Eski Istanbul. It was in the present province of Çanakkale, in Turkey, in front of the Island of Bozcaada (the old Tenedos). It was founded in the same place where was
the old village of Sigeo and gifted with and artificial port in 310 b.c. by the Diadoc Antígono I Monoftalmos. At first it was called Antigoneia, and it regrouped the jurisdictional territory of other nine villages. When Lisímaco, another Dioadoc, substituted Antígono, he gave Antigoneia its definitive name as Alexandria of Troade, on the honor of Alexandros.
Alexandria Escate, Alexandria of Escitia, Alexandría the Last, or Alexandreschata; it’s the present Khodjent, in Tayikistan. It’s a place nearby the border with Uzbekistan and Kirguistan, founded by Alexandros in august of 329 b.c..
Alexandria of Egypt. It was founded by Alexanadros in 332 b.c., in a fertile region, with a strategic port location, becoming, a few years after, old world’s cultural center.
Alexandria of Carmania (present Kermán or Kirman), is Kerman’s capital of Iran.
Alexandria of Gedrosia
Alexandria Bucéfala, in Pakistan, is the present Jelapur. Alexandria Bucéfala was one of the cities founded by Alexandros the Great. The city received its name after Alexandro’s favourite horse, Bucefalo.
Alexandria Nicea, in Pakistan. Alexandros founded it in 326 b.c, to commemorate his victory over Poros in Hydaspes’s battle. The city survived at least during a hundred years.
Alexandria of Indo, in Pakistan
Alexandria Latmos, in Caria, Anatolia, also called Alinda. The city was a member of Delos’ Confederation, during some time. Alexandros arrived there in 334 b.c. Some time after, the city was recalled as Alexanadria of Latmos, though before 81 b.c., recovered its former name, under roman power.
Alexandria of Margiana, present Merv, in Turkmenistan. Founded by Alexandros in 328 b.c., it was destroyed by nomadic people and rebuilt by Antíoco I Sóter, king of Siria, a little time after 293 b.c., receiving then the name of Antioquía of Margiana.
Alexandria of Cáucaso or Alexandria Paropamisos, called afterwards Bagram, in Afganistan. The city was destroyed by Ciro, rebuilt by Dario, and lately strengthened and rebuilt by Alexandros, being called Alexandria of Cáucaso. Begram became one of the most important cities of the greek kingdom of Bactria.
Alexandria of Partia or Alexandropolis, in Iran
Alexandria of Persis
Alexandria Protasia, in Drangiana, in Irán
Alexandria of Oxiana (Alexandria of Oxo, Alexandria of Sogdiana or Alexandria of Bactriana), in Afganistan. Being supposed founded by Alexandros by the river Oxo, (Amu Daria), in its confluence with river Kokcha, and at the beginning of Indian Continent. It was one of helenism’s focal points in Orient during almost two centuries till its annihilating by nomadic invaders about 145 b.c.
Alexandria of Susiana. Founded by Alexandros in 324 b.c., with the name of Alexandria ad Tigrim. It was situated near Persian Gulf and the mouth of River Tigris. After its destruction by a flood, it was rebuilt by Antíoco V Eupátor about 164-162 b.c., who recalled it Antioquia.
Alexandria of Tróade or Alexandria Troas (Antigonia of Troade), in Turquey. It was an old greek docker city, situated in Troade’s coast, in Asia Minor’s northwest, corresponding the modern Eski Istanbul. It was in the present province of Çanakkale, in Turkey, in front of the Island of Bozcaada (the old Tenedos). It was founded in the same place where was
the old village of Sigeo and gifted with and artificial port in 310 b.c. by the Diadoc Antígono I Monoftalmos. At first it was called Antigoneia, and it regrouped the jurisdictional territory of other nine villages. When Lisímaco, another Dioadoc, substituted Antígono, he gave Antigoneia its definitive name as Alexandria of Troade, on the honor of Alexandros.Alexandria Escate, Alexandria of Escitia, Alexandría the Last, or Alexandreschata; it’s the present Khodjent, in Tayikistan. It’s a place nearby the border with Uzbekistan and Kirguistan, founded by Alexandros in august of 329 b.c..
Alexandria of Egypt. It was founded by Alexanadros in 332 b.c., in a fertile region, with a strategic port location, becoming, a few years after, old world’s cultural center.
ALEXANDROS LEGENDPersian legends said that Alexandros was a son of Dario II, and Cleopatra, a daughter of Filipo the Second, who had to give her after a defeat. Alexandros was born from this marriage. As a middle greek and middle persian he was called Al-Iskander, Skander or Sikander Dhulkarmein (the world searcher). Nowadays mothers tell their sons the story of a blue-eyed conqueror, who made their ancestors be free. In Greece, he was taken by a destroyer of the city-state; and in Rome, the only man who unterstood him was Iulius Caesar, whose dreams continued for Roma’s profit.
In 300 a.c., a novel was written, in which legend, history and fiction were set together; this novel was rewritten by the roman Julio Valerio, in latin language and was translated afterwards to Bulgarian, Armenian, Ethiopian and Syrian, and at last to Arabic language.
In the Middle Age some novels were written, with a main character called Alisander, or king Alexandreis, among them “Le Roman d’Alexandeer”.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
· Plutarco: “Vidas paralelas. Alejandro-Julio César”. Ed. Gredos.
· Arriano: ”Anábasis de Alejandro”. Ed. Gredos.
· H. Bengtson: “Griegos y persas. El mundo mediterráneo en la Edad Antigua, vol I” .Ed. Historia universal siglo XXI.
· V.V. Struve: “Historia de la antigua Grecia”. Akal Editor.
· Claude Mosé: “Alejandro Magno. El destino de un mito”. Ed. Espasa.
· F. Fèvre: “Ptolomeo I”. Ed. Aldebarán.
· M. Renaul: “Alejandro”. Salvat Editores.
· Varios: “Historia Universal Salvat”. Vol.5. Salvat Editores.
· S. Lidman: “Atlas EL PAÍS Aguilar”. Aguilar Ediciones.
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